SN is a severe neurological disease caused by the degeneration, primarily of sensory, but also of motor nerve cells. Affected Border Collies usually show an onset of disease from two to seven months of age; signs include knuckling of the feet, self-mutilation wounds (caused by excessive chewing or licking as a result of the lack of sensation in the limbs) and progressive ataxia (incoordination of gait). The loss of sensation progresses in all four limbs. Regurgitation and urinary incontinence can occur in the later stages of the disease. The prognosis is poor, quality of life is severely affected and there are no effective treatments; Border Collies with SN are euthanased on welfare grounds before they reach two years of age.
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